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Explore our Blockchain Security Blog and Research for concise, informative articles and tutorials on blockchain innovation and security. Get practical insights, right at your fingertips.
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Our Case Studies
ADOT Finance Audit Case Study
ADOT Finance integrates a blockchain-based marketplace and bridging system that facilitates the exchange and creation of digital assets across different blockchain environments. It...
Elektrik V2 Security Case Study
Elektrik is the first lightning-fast DEx on the LightLink Network to feature gasless transactions. The Elektrik V2 marks a major upgrade to the pre-existing DeFi solution that brought...
Lightlink Case Study
LightLink, an Ethereum Layer 2 blockchain, conducted a Liquidity Bootstrapping Pool (LBP) sale. This fundraising event was hosted on the Fjord Foundry platform and aimed to raise significant...
Midl DApp Case Study
Midl DApp: A cross-border payment solution
In today’s fast-paced global financial landscape, the need for secure, transparent, and efficient cross-border transactions has never...
Push the Button (PTB) Case Study
Push the Button (PTB) is all about turning a simple action into an exciting game. Designed for fans of both web3 and web2 games, PTB offers addictive gameplay where players can earn...
EnsoFi Audit Case Study
Background:
EnsoFi is the first decentralized peer-to-peer cross-chain lending protocol, enabling users to lend and borrow at mutually agreed-upon interest rates. It offers a flexible...
Vaccify - Building a Resilient Digital Trust Ecosystem
Vaccify is an open-source COVID-19 Initiative of TrustNet. The idea behind it is to issue digital certificates to people who are vaccinated (once the vaccine is available) for COVID-19....
Security Case Study on Script Network
BlockApex, a leading blockchain consulting firm, was entrusted with the comprehensive audit of Script Network, an innovative layer-one protocol for decentralized video streaming. This...
Script TV Tokenomics Case Study
Script Network
Theta Network
Total Supply
1 billion
1 billion
Current Market Cap
$2.76 million
$1.13 billion
Initial Market Cap
$919k
$120 million
Initial Price
$0.0094
$0.15
Governance...
EclipseFi Audit Case Study
BlockApex’s security audit team recently conducted a comprehensive review of EclipseFi, a prominent player in the Cosmos ecosystem. This in-depth audit covered critical components of...
Our hack analysis
Shezmu (SHEZMU) is a hybrid lending platform combining NFTs and yield-bearing tokens. It offers a Collateralized...
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Bedrock is a multi-asset liquidity re-hypothecation protocol that allows the collateralization of assets...
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On September 3, 2024, Onyx DAO, a protocol derived from Compound Finance, suffered a severe breach. This...
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Overview of Penpie Protocol
Penpie is a next-generation DeFi platform integrated with Pendle Finance,...
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Our Educational
RWA Tokenization: Unlocking Real-World Assets via Blockchain
Imagine owning a luxury hotel like the St. Regis Aspen Resort , a property typically out of reach for everyday investors. In 2018, it became one of the first real-world assets (RWAs)...
Top 10 RWA Tokenization Projects to Watch Out in 2025
The Real World Asset tokenization sector has had a massive breakout during the year 2025, paving the way for significant growth through the end of the decade. RWA tokenization sector...
Future of RWA Crypto Assets
If you belong to Gen Z, you might recall a time before digital finance which still exists today in some parts of the world—an era when traditional record-keeping was paper-based and...
What is a DeFi Wallet & How to choose the right one?
The concept of wallets has been around since 3000 BCE, early civilizations like Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Greece using pouches, much like wallets to carry cloth, money and other items....
Future of AI in DeFi
AI agents have recently become the talk of the town, but the term remains somewhat ambiguous and open to interpretation. The spectrum of AI applications is vast, particularly in the...
How Honeypot Scams Trap Crypto Investors
The blockchain world faces growing security threats, with honeypot scams being especially prevalent. In February 2024, a single cybercriminal stole $3.2 million across nine linked scams,...
NFT Scams and Frauds & How to Prevent them
Non Fungible Tokens (NFTs) are the most notable in blockchain innovation. The NFT craze may have cooled, as sales of art-related NFTs fell from $2.9 billion in 2021 to $1.2 billion...
Use Cases of DeFi
If you have been wondering how blockchain or cryptocurrency works and how you could make money out of it, you might have come across the term “DeFi” or “Decentralized Finance”. But...
Top 10 Web3 Platforms in 2025
When Web3 was first conceptualized, it was a fringe idea, a “loner” technology overshadowed by the dominance of all the Web2 giants. The idea of decentralized platforms, giving more...
Blockchain as a Service (BaaS): An Overview
The types of services from cloud technology, Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Software as a Service (SaaS) and Platform as a Service (PaaS) are quite known. However, Blockchain as...
Blockchain in Supply Chain
Until COVID-19 in 2020, people relied on a two-hour delivery model, but the pandemic disrupted this, exposing delays and loopholes in the supply chain. This highlighted the need for...
DeFi Staking Explained: A Beginner’s Guide to Crypto Staking
Imagine putting your money into a savings account in a traditional bank and earning interest from it. Just as you deposit money into a bank account and earn interest over time, in staking,...
What are Layer 1 and Layer 2? Understanding the Use Cases
Imagine a city’s main road that despite being well-built, becomes congested during peak hours due to the sheer volume of vehicles. To alleviate this issue, the city introduces secondary...
PayFi and Future of Payments
PayFi? Is it DeFi? Most people tend to use the terms interchangeably whereas PayFi is a domain within DeFi space. PayFi, or payment finance, is an innovative technology that integrates...
How Decentralized Science (DeSci) is Revolutionizing Research
Decentralized Science is not a newly discovered idea rather it existed decades ago. Scientists, researchers and technologists have sought ways to make science more transparent, collaborative,...
Blockchain Governance 101
Imagine a blockchain court or central authority having the final say in all network decisions. While this might sound efficient, it mirrors the centralized systems we aim to move away...
Liquidity Pools 101: A Beginners Guide
Some blockchain concepts might make you scratch your head unless you practically delve into them. Liquidity pools might sound confusing too, but they’re just a digital pot where you...
Top DeFi Trends to Anticipate in 2025
Decentralized Finance (DeFi) was introduced in 2020 and has gained massive public attention over the past few years. DeFi introduces a different approach to financial services by removing...
Fuel VM: High-Performance Execution Layer
Before getting into concepts like Layer 2 (L2), rollups, monolithic and modular blockchains, it’s important to understand why L2 exists in the first place and what makes monolithic...
Game Theory in Blockchain Security Audits
Game theory, the study of systems where competitors’ behaviors impact each other in both cooperative and competitive environments, plays a crucial role in understanding and designing...
Top 10 DeFi Lending Platforms in 2025
Over the years, DeFi lending platforms emerged as pillars of the decentralized finance ecosystem changing the way people and organizations raise credit without intermediaries. With...
Autonomous AI Agents are the New Future
Many confuse agents with computer programs. Whereas an AI agent does more than a basic web program like Google Search. For example, an evolved version of Google Search would be Google...
Subnets on TAO: Scaling Bittensor’s Decentralized AI Network
Bittensor, an innovative decentralized machine learning network, continues to push boundaries by enabling global collaboration for AI model training and utilization. At the heart of...
AI Agents: Shaping the Future of Intelligence
With the boom of AI, we are already stepping into science fiction, AI Agents are a hot topic in 2025. The AI agents market is projected to grow from USD 5.1 billion in 2024 to USD 47.1...
Crypto and AI: How the two industries will emerge in 2025
Key Takeaways
AI’s market is set to hit $13 trillion by 2030, while crypto could reach $1.9 trillion by 2028. AI emulates human intelligence; crypto uses blockchain for secure,...
Best Crypto Tools For Analysis, Trading & Research in 2025
The cryptocurrency space is constantly changing, so staying on top of market trends is crucial. The crypto landscape offers many opportunities driven by new market regulations and complexities....
Protocol Market Fit
The elusive state, where a product seamlessly aligns with the needs of its target market, is often the differentiator between success and obscurity that is described by the term “product...
A Primer On Cosmos: The Internet of Blockchain
In the vast expanse of the blockchain universe, Cosmos stands out as a visionary project aiming to break down barriers and foster an interconnected future. This primer delves into the...
Web3 Social Platforms - Why haven't they taken off?
In the current year, web3 has come out of the slump it was in. When the idea of Web3 Social emerged, it carried the weight of the industry’s dreams: mass adoption. The vision...
Ethereum's Growing Pains
Ethereum switched from proof of work to proof of stake in 2022, after running for 7 years. There were multiple reasons for this such as proof of stake having higher energy consumption,...
TON Blockchain and the Rise of Telegram-Based Applications
Today’s modern world demands robust data security and privacy. With the introduction of blockchain technology over a decade ago, new pathways for enhancing these critical aspects have...
Blockchain in Telecom: Key Use Cases and Benefits
Upon hearing these two words; Blockchain and Telecom, one may struggle to find any connection between them, assuming they belong to entirely different realms, like two galaxies in different...
DeFi Security: The Major Challenges and Solution
Decentralized Finance (DeFi) represents a radical shift in the financial landscape by utilizing blockchain technology to offer financial services without traditional intermediaries...
Flash Loan Attacks: Risks and Prevention
The term “flash loan attacks” has likely flashed across your screen at least once by now, as these attacks have become increasingly notorious. A flash loan attack can drain...
Black Box VS White Box Penetration Testing
Various penetration testing mechanisms are used in the cybersecurity space, particularly in ethical hacking and for software testing. Amongst them, black box and white box penetration...
Advanced Cryptographic Techniques in Blockchain
Blockchain technology operates on the principles of transparency and trust, where cryptography serves as the fundamental tool for ensuring security and integrity. While basic encryption...
Yield Farming: What Is It and How Does It Work?
‘’Yield farming is a high-risk, volatile investment strategy where an investor stakes, lends, borrows, or locks crypto assets on a decentralized finance platform to earn a higher return’’.
–...
Securing ICP Canisters: Key Findings and Best Practices
Introduction to ICP Canisters Security Audit
The Internet Computer Protocol (ICP) is a third-generation blockchain that offers decentralized computation and scalable storage, enabling...
zkVM vs zkEVM: Comparison and Differences
With the current landscape of smart contract execution, the Dapps are getting more and more complex in terms of their functionality. These complex applications require a high cost of...
Smart Contract Audit Cost: Comprehensive Breakdown
As blockchain technology advances rapidly, smart contracts are garnering significant attention. These self-executing pieces of code are revolutionizing the digital world, with applications...
Onchain vs Offchain Transactions: A Beginner's Guide
Transactions are the fundamental operations that allow the transfer of value between parties within a cryptocurrency network. The rise of cryptocurrencies has brought about a revolution...
What is the Arbitrum Bridge and How to Use it?
The Arbitrum Bridge acts as a secure gateway between the Ethereum mainnet (Layer 1) and the Arbitrum network (Layer 2). It allows users to transfer assets, like Ether (ETH) and ERC-20...
Custodial vs Non-Custodial Wallets: What's the Difference?
In this article, we will explore the two primary types of Web3 wallets: custodial and noncustodial, examining their features, advantages, disadvantages, and the scenarios in which they...
The Rise of Blockchain Operating Systems
Blockchain Operating Systems are capitalizing on trend momentum, and are making the possibility of replacing traditional operating systems that run on centralized processors a reality...
How Gas Works in Blockchain?
Gas on a blockchain network like Ethereum refers to the unit of measurement for the computational effort required to execute specific actions. It’s not a cryptocurrency itself,...
What is DePIN in Crypto?
Imagine a world where your spare computer power or that old unused cellphone tower could earn you money! DePIN is kind of like that. It’s a system where people like you and me...
Advantages and Disadvantages of Smart Contracts in Blockchain Technology
Smart contracts play a pivotal role in setting the foundation of blockchain technology, heralding a new era of automated transactions that are secure, transparent, and efficient. However,...
Top 10 Smart Contract Vulnerabilities List By BlockApex
In the ever-evolving landscape of blockchain technology, smart contracts have revolutionized how transactions and agreements are executed. However, their potential is matched by their...
What Is Account Abstraction & Why Is It Important?
Account abstraction aims is to abstract away the distinction between externally owned accounts (EOAs) and smart contracts. The idea of account abstraction is to enable smart contracts...
Top Industry Leading Smart Contract Auditing Tools
Smart contracts are the backbone of the blockchain ecosystem, powering decentralized applications (DApps) and handling transactions worth millions of dollars. However, with their immense...
BRC-20 and Ordinals: Putting NFTs on Bitcoin
The world of blockchain technology is constantly evolving, with the “recent but not so recent” introduction of BRC20 tokens and Ordinals and their relationship with Bitcoin...
EIP 6963 & the future of Ethereum Wallets
EIP-6963 is going to be a game changer in the user’s experience of interacting with DApps and it will allow new players to come into the wallet space and have a fair chance of competing...
Non-Fungible Token (NFT) Explained: A Security Perspective
The peculiarity of the enormous bids surrounding NFTs brings forward several questions about these digital assets. Is there a reason why people are willing to spend thousands of dollars...
Revisiting Ethereum Classic in Light of the London Hard Fork
The successful upgrade of the London Hard Fork is a big difference from the fork leading to Ethereum Classic that took place back in 2016. However, despite their divergence, both are...
Balancing Transparency and Privacy in Ethereum
In Blockchain, achieving privacy and anonymity has been quite a quest. We discussed another approach put forward by Vitalik before. In this article, let’s have a look at Ethereum and...
Stablecoins: Riskless Investment or Financial Fraud?
On the surface, stablecoins sound like a dream come true for crypto investors. However, digging a little deeper raises several questions about their backing. At the end of the day,...
The Big Fuzz Theory: The Dark Fuzz Rises
Learn how Fuzz Driven Development (FDD) transforms software testing by assisting programmers and testers in overcoming prejudices for improved code quality, security, and performance.
The Big Fuzz Theory: Multiverse Of Fuzz Madness
This blog explores the fascinating world of fuzz testing methodologies and frameworks. We delve into stateless and stateful fuzzing. Bounded Model Checking (BMC) is introduced as a...
Infiltrating The EVM IV - Echoes of the Past, Visions for Tomorrow
The article "Infiltrating The EVM IV - Echoes of the Past, Visions for Tomorrow" takes readers on a captivating journey through real-life incidents in the realm of blockchain security....
The Big Fuzz Theory: Fuzzing Primer
Fuzz testing, or fuzzing, is a technique used to improve the security of software, including smart contracts in Solidity. It involves supplying random or unexpected data as inputs to...
Infiltrating the EVM-II: Inside the War Room's Arsenal
War Room is an immersive, high-energy environment incorporating a dedicated team of experts that comes together to form the backbone of the War Room. Read more in this part
Infiltrating the EVM-III: Unravel the Impact Of Blockchain On Bug Fixing!
Fixing a bug in traditional software development is often likened to solving a difficult puzzle, each presenting its own challenges. This task has always been complex and time-consuming....
Infiltrating the EVM-I: Demystifying Smart Contracts & Auditing
Infiltrating the EVM-I: Demystifying Smart Contracts & Auditing comprises of information about compilation breakdown of solidity code, the vulnerable components of blockchain ecosystem...
Infiltrating the EVM: Advanced Strategies for Blockchain Security Guardians
Learn advanced strategies for blockchain security guardians in this groundbreaking article series by BlockApex Labs. Gain insights into the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), smart contract...
Web 2.0 Security vs Web 3.0 Security: An Innovative Adaptation?
Web 3.0 is a semantic web where it promises to establish information in a better-existing way than any current search engine can ever attain. Web 3.0 promotes four concepts which mainly...
A Security Framework For Blockchain Applications
how do we keep the blockchain application safe? Let's walk through some security frameworks for blockchain applications in this blog
Consumer Privacy & Data Breach Part II - Is Web 3.0 The Cure?
The last few years have resulted in consumer privacy and data breach issues. Those issues have made the users conscious and ambiguous about the data on the internet. Read more in this...
Consumer Privacy & Data Breach Part I - Is It a Global Issue?
Data breaches and consumer privacy are one of the most alarming security issues in IT space. About 45% of the world’s population uses social media which makes approximately 3.48 billion...
The State of Startups Security in Pakistan
The security team at BlockApex decided to test these applications for vulnerabilities that could compromise their data. We knew that the software industry in Pakistan always keeps security...
What is the Blockchain Trilemma?
Blockchain Trilemma - coined by Vitalik Buterin himself, is a condition in which the blockchain undergoes a compromising stage. It is truly believed that a fully decentralized network...
Social Engineering: Classification & Prevention
Social Engineering is an art, where an attacker manipulates people to extract confidential information. That information could be used in various ways by criminals. Individuals are...
Red, Blue & Purple Team: Attacker, Defender & Facilitator
The purple team exercises allow for regular testing of controls to ensure they still function as expected. Combining red and blue functions also means that the blue team does not have...
Rise & Fall of Proof of Work: Is Proof Of Stake The Inevitable Answer?
Consensus algorithms are undoubtedly a major building block of blockchain technology. By definition, no single party can control the operation of a blockchain network, so consensus...
Off-Chain Security: A Rising Reason For Recent Hacks?
An off-chain transaction deals with values outside the blockchain and can be completed using a lot of methods. To carry out any kind of transaction, both functioning entities should...
Remote Work & Cybersecurity Risks
It is crucial to come up with innovative solutions against cyberattacks, especially when your workforce is remotely working. Since we know that remote work comes with a bunch of security...
Transparency Series I: Diving Into Composable Smart Contracts
omposable smart contracts bring about certain problems in particular during the auditing phase. One of these is the hindering of end-to-end (E2E) testing. Often it is the case that...
Web3: The Advent And Advancement
Creating an internet owned by no one yet contributed to by everyone is bound to have problems related to security- something many believe that the builders of Web3 may not be equipped...
Stablecoins: Riskless Investment or Financial Fraud?
On the surface, stablecoins sound like a dream come true for crypto investors. However, digging a little deeper raises several questions about their backing. At the end of the day,...
Flashbots & MEVs: A Beginner’s Guide
The unfavourable effect brought by MEVs continues to gain recognition globally, with many believing MEVs capable of providing serious risk to Ethereum’s future. Amidst this crisis,...
